<?xml version="1.0" ?>

<kc>

<title>Kernel Traffic</title>

<author contact="mailto:zbrown@tumblerings.org">Zack Brown</author>

<issue num="283" date="06 Nov 2004 00:00:00 -0800" />

<stats posts="2759" size="15049" contrib="555" multiples="325" lastweek="207">

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<section
  title="Kprobes Debugging Code Ported To PPC64"
  subject="[PATCH] Kprobes for ppc64"
  archive="http://www.google.com/groups?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;selm=2QCCY-2ME-37%40gated-at.bofh.it"
  posts="2"
  startdate="18 Oct 2004 01:52:29 -0800"
  enddate="23 Oct 2004 00:19:00 -0800"
>

<mention>Prasanna S. Panchamukhi</mention>
<mention>Paul Mackerras</mention>
<mention>David S. Miller</mention>

<p>Ananth N. Mavinakayanahalli announced kprobes for ppc64, for the 2.6 kernel.
He explained:</p>

<quote who="Ananth N. Mavinakayanahalli">

<p>Kprobes (Kernel dynamic probes) is a lightweight mechanism for kernel
modules to insert probes into a running kernel, without the need to modify
the underlying source. The probe handlers can then be coded to log relevent
data at the probe point. More information on kprobes can be found at:</p>

<p><a
href="http://www-124.ibm.com/developerworks/oss/linux/projects/kprobes/">http://www-124.ibm.com/developerworks/oss/linux/projects/kprobes/</a></p>

<p>Jprobes (or jumper probes) is a small infrastructure to access function
arguments. It can be used by defining a small stub with the same template as
the routine in kernel, within which the required parameters can be logged.</p>

</quote>

<p>Paul Mackerras liked the patch overall, but had specific technical
objections, that he felt would not pose any serious problem for the patch's
inclusion.</p>

<p>An initial Kprobes implementation originally found its way into the
2.6.9-rc2 kernel via David S. Miller and Prasanna S. Panchamukhi back in
August. Kprobes' ability to trap at almost any kernel code address allows
developers to collect debugging information without disrupting the running
system. Developers can specify handler routines to be executed when the
breakpoint is hit.</p>

<p>Linux 2.6.9-rc4 included changes (also by Prasanna) to the Kprobes
interface, specifically the return value of its exceptions notify handler,
to help other debuggers co-exist with Kprobes.</p>

</section>

<section
  title="Speed Of Kernel Development"
  subject="Rate of change"
  archive="http://www.google.com/groups?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;selm=2R9IE-20b-39%40gated-at.bofh.it"
  posts="10"
  startdate="19 Oct 2004 13:16:00 -0800"
  enddate="22 Oct 2004 02:28:29 -0800"
>
<topic>Version Control</topic>

<mention>Marcelo Tosatti</mention>
<mention>Pavel Machek</mention>
<mention>Dave Jones</mention>

<p>Jeff Garzik was stunned and impressed to see that, in the 24 hours since
the release of Linux 2.6.9, a full 850 changesets and 3383 revisions had been
added to the kernel tree. Ben Dooks remarked that he and other folks had
been on hold for this release, so they had patches prepared for the moment
of 2.6.9's release. Dave Jones felt that this might be an indication that
kernel development needed shorter -rc periods. Jeff replied, <quote who="Jeff
Garzik">Actually, we need longer non-rc periods</quote>. Russell King said,
<quote who="Russell King">Personally, I think both of you are right.  One major
kernel release a month seemed to be about the right rate.  Maybe a week and
a half of non-rc plus two and a half weeks of -rc would be the right kind of
balance?</quote> Jens Axboe also replied to Jeff with agreement. He said,
<quote who="Jens Axboe">The rate of change is truly impressive (thank you
Andrew and BK!), but personally I'd like to see things settle down a lot
more quickly. Instead of having 2-3 weeks of continual patch flood, a week
or submitting the stuff that was already done by 2.6.9 by Andrews inclusion
criteria (which I completely agree with) results in -rc1, followed by 2-3
weeks of of truly stabilizing bug fixing. Since by virtue of this inclusion
criteria development for a particular feature/change is already done by 2.6.9
release, this should be easy (Yeah right, but at least we can try.)</quote>
Pavel Machek suggested forking off the 2.7 tree, and keep the duration
between 2.7 and 2.8 shorter than usual.</p>

<p>Elsewhere, Matt Heler asked how many changes occurred between Linux 2.6.8
and 2.6.9, and Jeff replied, <quote who="Jeff Garzik">'bk pull' says 4000
revisions to ChangeSet, for 15723 total revisions.  (these numbers include
merge changesets, which inflate things)</quote></p>

<p>Considering a 'patch' to be a unique changelog entry, it does appear that
over 3500 distinct patches were accepted into the 2.6.9 kernel, over a thousand
more than were accepted into either the 2.6.8 kernel or the 2.6.7 kernel. The
2.6.6 kernel took in fewer than either of those kernels, with 1700 patches,
and the 2.6.5 kernel had fewer than that. Linux 2.6 series development
appears to be heating up. Comparing this to the 2.4 series, Marcelo Tosatti
has averaged about 220 patches per kernel for the same number of kernels.</p>

</section>

<section
  title="Linux Kernel Versioning: The Saga Continues"
  subject="Versioning of tree"
  archive="http://www.google.com/groups?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;selm=2RiLK-8pL-13%40gated-at.bofh.it"
  posts="22"
  startdate="19 Oct 2004 22:49:30 -0800"
  enddate="27 Oct 2004 03:37:01 -0800"
>
<topic>FS: sysfs</topic>
<topic>Version Control</topic>

<p>Benjamin Herrenschmidt had a request regarding kernel versioning. See
<kcref subject="Enough with the ad-hoc naming schemes, please" startdate="18 Oct 2004 10:08:51 -0800"/> for other complaints. This time, Benjamin said,
<quote who="Benjamin Herrenschmidt">After you tag a "release" tree in bk,
could you bump the version number right away, with eventually some junk in
EXTRAVERSION like "-devel"?  It's quite painful to have a module dir name
clash between the "clean" final tree and whatever dev stuff we are testing
out of bk ... it's fine once you go to -rc1, but in the meantime, it's really
annoying.</quote> Jeff Garzik was not sympathetic, pointing out that running
the command 'echo&#160;"-bk"&#160;&gt;&#160;localversion' would solve the
problem for any given BitKeeper snapshot. But several other developers voiced
agreement with Benjamin, including Len Brown, who said, <quote who="Len
Brown">I'd find this to be really helpful too.  There has been this period
between, say, 2.6.9 and 2.6.10-whatever where my build/install scripts
scribble over my "reference" kernels.</quote> Linus Torvalds replied:</p>

<quote who="Linus Torvalds">

<p>Personally, I much rather go the way we have gone, because I don't
care about module versioning nearly as much as I care about bug-report
versioning. And if I hear about a bug with 2.6.10-rc1, I want to know that
it really is at _least_ 2.6.10-rc1, if you see what I mean..</p>

<p>Now, personally, I'd actually like to know the exact top-of-tree changeset,
so I've considered having something that saves that one away, but then we'd
need to do something about non-BK users (make the nightly snapshots squirrell
it away somewhere too). That would solve both the module versioning _and_
the bug-report issue.</p>

<p>So if somebody comes up with a build script that generates that kind of
extra-version automatically, I'm more receptive. But I don't want to muck
with the version manually in a way that I think is the wrong way around..</p>

</quote>

<p>M&#229;ns Rullg&#229;rd replied, <quote who="M&#229;ns Rullg&#229;rd">Would
it work to somewhere in the Makefile check for the existence of a BitKeeper
directory, and if it exists run bk with the appropriate arguments and append
something to EXTRAVERSION?  I'm not quite sure which information is the best
to add, though.</quote> And Linus said:</p>

<quote who="Linus Torvalds">

<p>That's what I had in mind. But it should also check if the top-of-tree is
already tagged, and not do anything for that. And it should also hopefully
have a CVS/Subversion equivalent, just so that people don't feel left out.</p>

<p>I would _suggest_ just exporting the whole top-of-tree tag to some
/sys/kernel/version file (for full bug-reports), but in addition also
maybe have a small hash of it (just a few characters of noise) in "uname",
to make module versioning work.</p>

<p>So "uname -r" might print out "2.6.9-a$Uv", but then a</p>

<pre>        cat /sys/kernel/version/*</pre>

<p>would print out something like</p>

<pre>        "kernel" file:
                v2.6.9-a$Uv
        "bk-key" file:
                torvalds@ppc970.osdl.org|ChangeSet|20041021004441|21737
        "date" file:
                Wed Oct 20 22:29:23 PDT 2004</pre>

<p>or something (one value per file as usual)</p>

</quote>

<p>Elsewhere, Jeff said that Linus' original desire to know the top-of-tree
changeset was redundant. Jeff said:</p>

<quote who="Jeff Garzik">

<p>The nightly snapshots have been exporting this info since Day One, based
on your request ;-)</p>

<p>&lt;snapshot&gt;.key contains this info, e.g.
<a href="http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/snapshots/patch-2.6.9-bk1.key">http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/snapshots/patch-2.6.9-bk1.key</a>
        is T.O.T. for
<a href="http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/snapshots/patch-2.6.9-bk1.bz2">http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/snapshots/patch-2.6.9-bk1.bz2</a></p>

</quote>

<p>Linus replied:</p>

<quote who="Linus Torvalds">

<p>Yes. But that doesn't help the people who actually use the native BK
trees themselves, or the people who use the CVS exports. That was what Ben
was complaining about.</p>

<p>We already have the concept of "localversion*" files that get appended
to the build. So the only thing that would be needed is some Makefile magic
to create a "localversion-bk-version" file if the top-of-tree isn't tagged,
and we'd get some unique ID for native BK users too.</p>

</quote>

<p>Elsewhere, Ryan Anderson actually implemented Linus' initial suggestion,
and a technical discussion ensued without resolution.</p>

</section>

<section
  title="Determining CPU Speed Changes"
  subject="How is user space notified of CPU speed changes?"
  archive="http://www.google.com/groups?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;selm=2Tf7a-3il-17%40gated-at.bofh.it"
  posts="26"
  startdate="21 Oct 2004 15:01:49 -0800"
  enddate="25 Oct 2004 20:05:56 -0800"
>

<p>Lee Revell asked how an application could be notified when the CPU's speed
changed on a running system. <quote who="Lee Revell">Polling a file in /sys
is not good enough,</quote> he said, <quote who="Lee Revell">the overhead
is unacceptable and we need to know <i>now</i>.  Is this the kind of thing
that would require the new kernel event interface?</quote></p>

<p>Alan Cox and others said that this was not a simple problem. Matthew
Garrett remarked at one point, <quote who="Matthew Garrett">The kernel
does not always know when the CPU speed changes. This makes notification
somewhat harder.</quote> Elsewhere, Robert Love addressed Lee's question
about whether the kernel event interface would be a good tool for this.
Robert said, <quote who="Robert Love">Yes, I think that doing a kevent tied
to the processor object when the speed changes is an absolutely ideal use
of the kernel event layer.</quote></p>

<p>Elsewhere, Lee was surprised at Matthew's (and Alan Cox's) assertions
that the kernel didn't always know the CPU speed. Lee said, <quote who="Lee
Revell">Wouldn't this cause weird behavior though?  For example Linux only
calculates the delay loop once, at boot time.  Does this render *delay()
useless?</quote> Alan replied, <quote who="Alan Cox">Such systems you do
need to run with notsc - although 2.6 autodetects this prints complaints
and does the job itself.</quote></p>

<p>The discussion petered out shortly, with no clear solution to Lee's
problem.</p>

</section>

<section
  title="Linux 2.6.9-mm1 Released"
  subject="2.6.9-mm1"
  archive="http://www.google.com/groups?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;selm=2S4QP-22U-43%40gated-at.bofh.it&amp;prev=/groups%3Fas_ugroup%3Dlinux.kernel%26as_uauthors%3DAndrew%2520Morton%26as_usubject%3D2.6.9-mm1%26as_drbb%3Db%26as_mind%3D22%26as_minm%3DOct%26as_miny%3D2004%26as_maxd%3D22%26as_maxm%3DOct%26as_maxy%3D2004"
  posts="81"
  startdate="22 Oct 2004 02:20:39 -0800"
  enddate="27 Oct 2004 14:42:47 -0800"
>
<topic>FS: CacheFS</topic>
<topic>FS: NFS</topic>
<topic>FS: ReiserFS</topic>
<topic>FS: ext3</topic>
<topic>FS: procfs</topic>
<topic>FS: sysfs</topic>
<topic>Kernel Release Announcement</topic>
<topic>Kexec</topic>
<topic>Profiling</topic>

<p>Andrew Morton announced Linux 2.6.9-mm1, saying:</p>

<quote who="Andrew Morton">

<p><a
href="ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/akpm/patches/2.6/2.6.9/2.6.9-mm1/">ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/akpm/patches/2.6/2.6.9/2.6.9-mm1/</a></p>

<p>

<ul>

<li>Lots of new patches.</li>

<li>

<p>Status of as-yet-unmerged things:</p>

<p>

<ul>

<li>sysfs backing store: after six months, still under discussion.</li>

<li>ext3 reservations code: it was ready to go, but then I got a bunch
more patches.  Lots of testing is needed here to make 2.6.10.</li>

<li>ext3 resize code: ready to go, but it depends on the reservation code
so I may end up swizzling the patch series.</li>

<li>kexec and crashdump: this all allegedly works, but I want to *see*
it work first.</li>

<li>perfctr: mikpe is still working on this.</li>

<li>preempt-smp and all the associated low-latency fixes: I haven't really
thought about it and haven't looked at the patches yet.  Hopefully 2.6.10
material.</li>

<li>cachefs: probably 2.6.10 material, but I'd like to be convinced that we
actually need this in the kernel.  Not many people use AFS (sorry) and it's
a ton of new code.  Getting it working for NFS would be a winner.</li>

<li>cpusets: ready to go, but the current plan is to rework the actual
pinning mechanism to use scheduler domains rather than cpus_allowed, then
to look at wiring it up via the CKRM interface.  So I'm sitting on this.</li>

<li>reiser4: not sure, really.  The namespace extensions were disabled,
although all the code for that is still present.  Linus's filesystem
criterion used to be "once lots of people are using it, preferably when
vendors are shipping it".  That's a bit of a chicken and egg thing though.
Needs more discussion.</li>

<li>md updates: these are blocked by a minor bunfight over one of Neil's procfs
innovations.  He's reworking the patches so we can defer that decision.</li>

</ul>

</p>

</li>

</ul>

</p>

</quote>

<p>Hans Reiser had some remarks about Reiser4. He said:</p>

<quote who="Hans Reiser">

<p>No distro using reiserfs V3 as the default is going to keep doing so
once reiser4 meets their stability requirements. Reiserfs is used by a lot
of people, and reiser4 obsoletes it, and the users know that. None of the
distros have expressed any intent of staying on V3, and they'd be silly
to do it. Many of them have expressed a desire to use reiser4.  Next year,
indications are that reiser4 usage by distros as their default will exceed
that which is today possessed by V3. The higher performance of V4 is going
to increase our market share.</p>

<p>I would like to encourage its inclusion as an experimental filesystem
BEFORE vendors ship it. I think first putting experimental stuff in the kernels
used by hackers makes sense. I think it creates more of a community.</p>

<p>I'd like to point out that there is a lot of stuff in the kernel that is
a lot less stable than reiser4.</p>

<p>That said, inclusion in -mm found some bugs, and we are still testing
one of the fixes which was a bit deep. I want to finish that testing (not
more than 7 days) and send you all fixes before asking for inclusion.</p>

<p>Also, Hellwig made a valid point about getting rid of some macros that
reduce readability (I also hate code that prevents editors finding called
functions), and zam is working on fixing that.</p>

<p>Lindows is planning on shipping with reiser4 in its next release. I would
very much like to see our inclusion before that.</p>

</quote>

<p>Hilzinger Marcel pointed out that <quote who="Hilzinger Marcel">SuSE Linux
9.2 will contain reiser4 (at least the beta testversions did). It cannot be
set up via YaST during installation, but the tools are there.</quote> Andrew
remarked, <quote who="Andrew Morton">hm.  Nobody ever tells me anything.
Does that mean that SuSE are using 8k stacks?</quote> And Jan Engelhardt
replied, <quote who="Jan Engelhardt">Yes, the defconfig does not have 4K
stacks enabled.</quote></p>

<p>Completely elsewhere in the thread, Avuton Olrich spoke out in favor of
Reiser4 inclusion.  He said, <quote who="Avuton Olrich">I've been using reiser4
in four of my computers since it was in -mm.  All partitions (excl. /boot),
including 2 boxes that have been up since (well, reboots for -mm updates
from time to time) the reiser4 conversion and not a hiccup since.</quote>
Markus T&#246;rnqvist put in a 'me too', and Kasper Sandberg felt the same.</p>

</section>

<section
  title="Forward-Porting 2.4 VM Out-Of-Memory Features To 2.6"
  subject="lowmem_reserve (replaces protection)"
  archive="http://www.google.com/groups?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;selm=2TqlN-3bS-11%40gated-at.bofh.it&amp;prev=/groups%3Fas_ugroup%3Dlinux.kernel%26as_uauthors%3DAndrea%2520Arcangeli%26as_usubject%3Dlowmem_reserve%2520(replaces%2520protection)%26as_drbb%3Db%26as_mind%3D25%26as_minm%3DOct%26as_miny%3D2004%26as_maxd%3D25%26as_maxm%3DOct%26as_maxy%3D2004"
  posts="32"
  startdate="25 Oct 2004 09:01:28 -0800"
  enddate="27 Oct 2004 16:26:39 -0800"
>
<topic>Forward Port</topic>
<topic>Security</topic>
<topic>Version Control</topic>
<topic>Virtual Memory</topic>

<mention>Rik van Riel</mention>

<p>Andrea Arcangeli said:</p>

<quote who="Andrea Arcangeli">

<p>This is a forward port to 2.6 CVS of the lowmem_reserve VM feature in
the 2.4 kernel.</p>

<p><a
href="http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/andrea/patches/v2.6/2.6.9/lowmem_reserve-1">http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/andrea/patches/v2.6/2.6.9/lowmem_reserve-1</a></p>

<p>Lack of this feature might explain out of memory related killing or
deadlocks hit on &gt;2G boxes. so if anybody is having trouble with oom
conditions this is a patch to try.</p>

<p>this is only slightly tested but works for me so far.</p>

<p>This is the first of a series of oom related fix I'm going to do and
test within the next weeks to attempt to cure various oom regressions in 2.6
(deadlocks turned into crazy early oom kills and the like).</p>

</quote>

<p>Rik van Riel asked what the actual behavioral changes would be seen under
this patch, and Andrea replied, <quote who="Andrea Arcangeli">the behavioural
difference is the API and the fact the feaure is now enabled with sane values
(the previous code was disabled by default and it was unusable with that
API). besides fixing the API the patch nukes dozens of useless lines of code
and a buffer overflow.</quote></p>

</section>

<section
  title="A Little Bit Of SCO Status"
  subject="Results of Offline Review with Linus"
  archive="http://www.google.com/groups?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;selm=2ThLJ-5yP-41%40gated-at.bofh.it"
  posts="1"
  startdate="25 Oct 2004 09:44:11 -0800"
>

<mention>Zack Brown</mention>
<mention>Linus Torvalds</mention>

<editorialize who="Zack Brown" date="10 Nov 2004 06:45:00 -0800">It turns out that
this post was accidentally summarized in front of the thread that led up to it.
This has to do with the way I select threads to summarize. Typically I wait
for a thread to finish before summarizing it. In this case, the thread leading
up to Jeff's post was still ongoing when Jeff started this new thread. The
earlier thread got shunted off to the next issue's mailbox, and I inadvertantly
summarized this one out of context. Next issue will show the lead-in thread,
with a pointer back here. Sorry for the confusion.</editorialize>

<p>Jeff V. Merkey made the only post in this thread:</p>

<quote who="Jeff V. Merkey">

<p>After having an off line review of the SCO claims pertaining to the
identified code with Linus, It is clear the SCO has been making claims which
are untrue and may have potentially engaged in slander of title, libel,
tortorious interference, inteference with partner relations, and intentional
inflcition of emotional distress against Linus Torvalds and Linux.  Linus has
peformed adequate due diligence and acted in good faith with regard to the
acceptance of code from IBM and others based on the physical evidence in
his possession, and I would testify to this in a court of law if asked as
a qualified expert witness on behalf of Linus and Linux.</p>

<p>SCO's claims that some code may have been taken by IBM have nothing
whatsoever to do with Linux until as such time they can produce credible
evidence to the contrary.  Despite numerous requests, visits to their
facility, and meetings with them, their disclosure of only a handful of
slides and contracts does not constitute corroborating physical evidence
that Linus Torvalds tooks their intellectual property and used it in Linux.
They are simply unable to produce concrete evidence that identifies the code in
question to a degree that refutes the physical evidence pertaining to Linus'
due diligence.  If IBM's submissions were based in part on intellectual
property taken from SCO, then IBM incurs this liability.   It is clear at
this point Linus acted in good faith in all of his dealings.</p>

<p>Linus Torvalds (and myself) are entitled to apolgies from GrokLaw, and
SCO regarding their false and misleading claims Linus missappropriated trade
secrets or infringed their copyrights and that I was involved in a scheme
with SCO to further their false, misleading, and libelous allegations.
Groklaw has also posted numerous emails and comments attributed to me which
I did not author which libel Linus and myself, and were designed to create
and perpetuate animosity in the Linux Community.</p>

<p>I thank Linus Torvalds for being a true friend and working with me to
resolve these issues, despite all the heat and mud flying around.</p>

</quote>

</section>

<section
  title="Linux 2.6.10-rc1-mm1 Released"
  subject="2.6.10-rc1-mm1"
  archive="http://www.google.com/groups?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;selm=2TNV5-3p2-3%40gated-at.bofh.it"
  posts="18"
  startdate="26 Oct 2004 20:31:56 -0800"
  enddate="27 Oct 2004 06:52:40 -0800"
>
<topic>Kernel Release Announcement</topic>
<topic>Version Control</topic>

<p>Andrew Morton announced Linux 2.6.10-rc1-mm1, saying:</p>

<quote who="Andrew Morton">

<p><a
href="ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/akpm/patches/2.6/2.6.10-rc1/2.6.10-rc1-mm1/">ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/akpm/patches/2.6/2.6.10-rc1/2.6.10-rc1-mm1/</a></p>

<p>

<ul>

<li>Nothing really major here - just lots of minor things spread all over
the place.</li>

<li>I actually managed to get most of the "external BK trees" included.
A lot of them have been pretty flakey lately (hint).</li>

<li>This kernel is probably pretty crappy - there is a _lot_ of stuff
happening and the quality of the patches which I am receiving seems to be
gradually dropping off.</li>

</ul>

</p>

</quote>

</section>

</kc>

